Use our free Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator to calculate spindle RPM, table feed rate, and feed per revolution for metalworking slitting saws. Simply select metric or imperial units and enter your saw’s outside diameter, cutting speed, number of teeth, and feed per tooth to get instant results.
Not sure what values to enter, where to find your saw diameter and tooth count, or how to choose the correct cutting speed and chip load? We’ve included a complete step-by-step guide below the calculator explaining every input, calculation formula, measurement, and practical example to help you use this tool correctly.
Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator
Determine saw RPM, feed per revolution and table feed using saw diameter, tooth count and feed per tooth.
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How the calculation works
Formula: RPM = (1000 × cutting speed) ÷ (π × outside saw diameter). Feed rate (mm/min) = RPM × saw tooth count × feed per tooth (mm/tooth).
Important: Thin slitting saws require rigid mounting, correct arbor support and chip evacuation. Never exceed the saw or machine rated RPM.
What Is a Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator?
A Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator is an online tool that calculates spindle speed (RPM), table feed rate, and feed per revolution for circular metalworking slitting saws.
Slitting saws are thin, circular cutting tools commonly used on milling machines, CNC machining centers, and other compatible machining equipment.
They are particularly useful for creating narrow slots, cutting through sections of metal, separating components, and machining features that may be difficult to produce efficiently with a conventional end mill.
Unlike a standard end mill, a slitting saw has cutting teeth distributed around the outside circumference of a thin circular blade.
The relationship between saw diameter, cutting speed, tooth count, and feed per tooth determines the theoretical spindle RPM and linear feed rate.
Our free calculator makes these calculations easier by allowing you to enter four inputs:
- Outside saw diameter.
- Cutting speed.
- Number of saw teeth.
- Feed per tooth (chip load).
The calculator automatically determines:
- Slitting Saw Spindle Speed: Calculated rotational speed in RPM.
- Table Feed Rate: Calculated linear feed in mm/min or inches per minute.
- Feed per Revolution: Total nominal advancement during one complete saw rotation.
- Cutting Speed: Peripheral surface speed used in the calculation.
You can switch between metric and imperial units, making the tool useful for different machining setups.
However, the calculator does not automatically select recommended cutting parameters for specific materials or saw blades. It also does not account for saw thickness, cutting depth, available machine power, arbor rigidity, or chip evacuation.
For reliable results, always obtain suitable cutting-speed and chip-load values from the slitting saw manufacturer.
This guide explains how to find every required measurement, use the calculator, understand the formulas, and evaluate the results.
How to Use the Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator
Our calculator is designed to make the calculation process straightforward.
Follow these steps to calculate the theoretical RPM and feed rate for your slitting saw.
Step 1: Select Metric or Imperial Units
Start by selecting your preferred measurement system.
You can choose:
Metric
- Saw diameter in millimeters.
- Cutting speed in meters per minute.
- Feed per tooth in millimeters.
- Table feed rate in millimeters per minute.
US / Imperial
- Saw diameter in inches.
- Cutting speed in surface feet per minute.
- Feed per tooth in inches.
- Table feed rate in inches per minute.
The number of teeth is a whole number and does not change between the two measurement systems.
For example, if your saw has a 3-inch outside diameter, select imperial units and enter 3.
If you’re using an 80 mm saw, select metric and enter 80.
Step 2: Enter the Outside Saw Diameter
Find the field labeled Outside Saw Diameter.
Enter the cutting diameter of the slitting saw.
For example:
- 2-inch saw: Enter 2 in imperial mode.
- 3-inch saw: Enter 3 in imperial mode.
- 50 mm saw: Enter 50 in metric mode.
- 80 mm saw: Enter 80 in metric mode.
Use the outside diameter of the cutting teeth.
Do not enter the arbor hole diameter, saw thickness, or machine spindle diameter.
The calculator uses the saw’s outside cutting diameter to determine peripheral cutting speed.
Step 3: Enter the Cutting Speed
The next field is Cutting Speed.
Cutting speed describes how fast the cutting teeth move around the outside circumference of the rotating saw relative to the workpiece.
It is expressed in:
- Surface feet per minute (SFM).
- Meters per minute (m/min).
For example, if the manufacturer recommends 100 SFM for your exact saw and material under the relevant conditions, enter:
Cutting Speed = 100 SFM
If the manufacturer provides a metric recommendation of 30 m/min, enter:
Cutting Speed = 30 m/min
These are example inputs, not universal operating recommendations.
The appropriate cutting speed depends on the saw’s material, tooth geometry, coating, workpiece material, and machining conditions.
Step 4: Enter the Number of Saw Teeth
Find the field labeled Number of Saw Teeth.
Enter the total number of effective cutting teeth around the circumference of the slitting saw.
For example:
- 24-tooth saw: Enter 24.
- 40-tooth saw: Enter 40.
- 48-tooth saw: Enter 48.
- 60-tooth saw: Enter 60.
The tooth count usually appears in the manufacturer’s product specifications.
For conventional saws with equally spaced, effective cutting teeth, use the complete tooth count.
Do not enter only the number of teeth touching the workpiece at one moment.
Each tooth passes through the cutting zone once per revolution, which is why the full effective tooth count appears in the basic feed-rate formula.
Step 5: Enter Feed per Tooth
The next field is Feed per Tooth.
Feed per tooth is also commonly referred to as nominal chip load.
It describes the distance the saw advances per effective cutting tooth during one complete rotational cycle.
It is measured in:
- Inches per tooth (in/tooth).
- Millimeters per tooth (mm/tooth).
For example, if your saw manufacturer specifies a suitable feed of 0.0005 inch per tooth, enter:
Feed per Tooth = 0.0005
If a metric specification gives 0.01 mm per tooth, enter:
Feed per Tooth = 0.01
Pay close attention to decimal places.
Entering 0.005 instead of 0.0005 creates a feed rate ten times higher than intended.
Step 6: Review the Results
Once you’ve entered the four values, the calculator displays the theoretical results.
For example, suppose you enter:
| Input | Value |
|---|---|
| Saw diameter | 3 inches |
| Cutting speed | 100 SFM |
| Number of teeth | 48 |
| Feed per tooth | 0.0005 in/tooth |
The calculator returns approximately:
| Output | Result |
|---|---|
| Spindle speed | 127.32 RPM |
| Table feed rate | 3.06 IPM |
| Feed per revolution | 0.024 in/rev |
| Cutting speed | 100 SFM |
These are mathematical results derived from the example inputs.
Before using the values on a machine, verify that the saw, arbor, workholding, and machine are suitable for the operation.
Where to Find the Required Calculator Inputs
Finding accurate input values is essential.
A mathematically correct formula can still produce an unsuitable result if the wrong saw diameter, tooth count, cutting speed, or feed per tooth is entered.
Below is a detailed guide to finding each measurement.
1. Where to Find Slitting Saw Diameter
The outside diameter of a slitting saw determines the relationship between peripheral cutting speed and spindle RPM.
Check the Manufacturer’s Specifications
The most reliable place to find the outside diameter is the manufacturer’s product specification.
Look for measurements labeled:
- Cutter Diameter.
- Outside Diameter.
- OD.
- Saw Diameter.
- D1.
- Cutting Diameter.
For example, a product specification might list:
| Specification | Example value |
|---|---|
| Cutter diameter | 3 inches |
| Saw thickness | 0.0625 inch |
| Arbor hole diameter | 1 inch |
| Number of teeth | 48 |
For the calculator, enter:
Outside Saw Diameter = 3 inches
The other dimensions serve different purposes.
Check the Saw Packaging
Some saws have their dimensions printed on the packaging.
You might see a specification such as:
3″ × 1/16″ × 1″ Bore — 48 Teeth
This can indicate:
- Outside diameter: 3 inches.
- Nominal thickness: 1/16 inch.
- Arbor bore: 1 inch.
- Tooth count: 48.
Always confirm the manufacturer’s dimension order, as labeling conventions can vary.
Check the Saw’s Identification Markings
Some slitting saws have engraved identification markings.
These may indicate:
- Manufacturer.
- Part number.
- Outside diameter.
- Thickness.
- Bore diameter.
- Tooth count.
- Tool material.
If the marking only shows a part number, use it to find the manufacturer’s technical drawing.
Measure the Saw Diameter With a Caliper
If the original specifications are unavailable, the outside diameter may be measured using suitable measuring equipment.
For a small saw, a digital caliper may provide a general measurement.
For larger saws, an appropriately sized measuring instrument may be needed.
Before measuring:
- Stop the machine completely.
- Follow its power-isolation requirements.
- Remove the saw only when the maintenance procedure permits it.
- Protect yourself from the sharp teeth.
- Measure across the outside cutting diameter.
Never measure a rotating saw.
If precise cutting parameters or dimensional tolerances are important, verify the diameter against the manufacturer’s specifications.
Common Slitting Saw Diameter Conversions
| Diameter in inches | Diameter in mm |
|---|---|
| 3/4 inch | 19.05 mm |
| 1 inch | 25.40 mm |
| 1-1/2 inches | 38.10 mm |
| 2 inches | 50.80 mm |
| 2-1/2 inches | 63.50 mm |
| 3 inches | 76.20 mm |
| 4 inches | 101.60 mm |
| 5 inches | 127.00 mm |
To convert inches to millimeters:
Millimeters = Inches × 25.4
To convert millimeters to inches:
Inches = Millimeters ÷ 25.4
Outside Diameter vs. Arbor Hole Diameter
These two measurements are not interchangeable.
The outside diameter describes the circular cutting edge.
The arbor hole diameter describes the opening used to mount the saw.
For example:
- Outside diameter: 3 inches.
- Arbor hole diameter: 1 inch.
The RPM calculation uses the 3-inch outside diameter.
The 1-inch bore is relevant to arbor compatibility.
Saw Diameter vs. Saw Thickness
Saw thickness is also a separate measurement.
A 3-inch-diameter saw might be only 0.0625 inch thick.
Its outside diameter affects surface-speed calculation.
Its thickness affects the cutting width, tool rigidity, and slotting application.
The calculator requires outside diameter, not blade thickness.
2. Where to Find the Number of Saw Teeth
Tooth count directly affects the calculated feed rate.
Check the Manufacturer’s Product Page
Look for fields such as:
- Number of Teeth.
- Tooth Count.
- Z.
- Effective Teeth.
For example, the product might be described as a:
3-Inch, 48-Tooth Slitting Saw
In that case, enter:
Number of Saw Teeth = 48
Some manufacturers offer the same saw diameter with different tooth counts.
Therefore, diameter alone is not enough to determine the correct number.
Check the Original Packaging
The tooth count may also appear on the packaging or catalog description.
It is often included with outside diameter, thickness, and arbor hole specifications.
Count the Teeth Manually
If the saw is unmarked and its product identification cannot be found, you may be able to identify its tooth count by carefully inspecting the stationary saw.
Only do this when the saw is safely removed from service or the machine is properly stopped and isolated according to its maintenance instructions.
Because slitting saw teeth can be sharp and closely spaced, use appropriate inspection methods rather than handling the cutting edges unnecessarily.
For precision or safety-sensitive applications, obtaining the correct manufacturer specifications is preferable.
Higher Tooth Count vs. Lower Tooth Count
Tooth count influences feed-rate calculations, but also affects tooth spacing and chip clearance.
Higher-tooth-count saws have more cutting edges around the circumference.
They may be useful for certain fine-slotting applications and thinner sections, depending on tool design.
Lower-tooth-count saws provide greater spacing between teeth on a saw of the same diameter.
This can allow more chip space, which may be useful for certain deeper cuts or materials that produce larger chips.
However, fewer teeth are not automatically better for every operation.
The appropriate tooth count depends on:
- Workpiece material.
- Material thickness.
- Slot depth.
- Saw diameter.
- Saw tooth geometry.
- Chip evacuation.
- Surface-finish requirements.
- Machine rigidity.
Follow the specific saw manufacturer’s selection recommendations.
Is Tooth Count the Same as the Number of Engaged Teeth?
No.
The total tooth count is the number of effective cutting teeth around the saw.
The number of engaged teeth describes how many teeth contact the material at a particular moment.
These are different quantities.
Our basic feed-rate equation uses the total effective cutting teeth per revolution.
It does not require an input for the number of teeth simultaneously engaged in the cut.
Engagement remains important for cutting forces, vibration, and chip evacuation, but those effects are outside the basic calculation.
3. Where to Find Slitting Saw Cutting Speed
Cutting speed is one of the most important inputs.
Unlike saw diameter, cutting speed should not be selected solely from a physical measurement.
It is an operating parameter chosen for the saw and workpiece.
Start With the Saw Manufacturer
Look for the technical specifications or speeds-and-feeds chart for your exact saw.
Manufacturers such as Harvey Tool provide slitting saw product information and downloadable cutting-data resources.
Look for labels such as:
- Recommended Cutting Speed.
- Surface Speed.
- SFM.
- SFPM.
- Vc.
- Cutting Speed (m/min).
- Running Parameters.
If the manufacturer provides a range, the appropriate value must be selected according to the specified machining conditions.
Identify the Saw Material
Slitting saws are available in different cutting-tool materials.
Common examples include:
High-Speed Steel (HSS)
HSS slitting saws are used in many conventional metalworking applications.
Their operating recommendations depend on the HSS grade, blade geometry, and application.
Solid Carbide
Solid carbide slitting saws may support different cutting conditions from HSS designs.
However, carbide is generally more sensitive to certain forms of impact and inadequate setup rigidity.
Use carbide-specific manufacturer recommendations.
Coated Saw Blades
Some slitting saws have coatings intended for particular cutting applications.
Coatings can influence performance and recommended operating conditions.
Do not assume every coated saw uses the same cutting speed.
Identify the Workpiece Material
Cutting-speed recommendations depend on the material being machined.
Possible workpiece materials include:
- Mild steel.
- Alloy steel.
- Stainless steel.
- Aluminum alloys.
- Brass and bronze.
- Cast iron.
- Titanium alloys.
- Engineering plastics.
- Other compatible materials.
The material grade, hardness, and cutting conditions matter.
For example, a cutting-speed recommendation for aluminum should not automatically be applied to stainless steel.
Check the Manufacturer’s Speeds and Feeds Chart
A suitable chart may list:
| Chart information | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Material group | Workpiece material category |
| Saw material | HSS, carbide, or other grade |
| Cutting speed | Recommended SFM or m/min |
| Feed per tooth | Recommended chip load |
| Saw diameter | Tool outside diameter |
| Tooth count | Number of cutting teeth |
| Cutting depth | Applicable engagement or depth limits |
| Coolant information | Recommended cooling conditions |
For the current calculator, you need cutting speed and feed per tooth from the relevant tooling data.
What If the Manufacturer Only Provides RPM?
Sometimes a tool supplier provides a recommended spindle RPM rather than a surface cutting speed.
You can convert RPM into cutting speed.
Metric:
Cutting Speed (m/min) = (π × Saw Diameter (mm) × RPM) ÷ 1,000
Imperial:
Cutting Speed (SFM) = (π × Saw Diameter (in) × RPM) ÷ 12
For example, suppose you have:
- Saw diameter: 3 inches.
- Manufacturer-specified RPM for the selected application: 200.
Cutting Speed = (π × 3 × 200) ÷ 12
Cutting Speed ≈ 157.08 SFM
You can use that calculated cutting speed as the calculator input.
However, this conversion does not independently verify the suitability of the original 200 RPM setting.
Does the Calculator Recommend Cutting Speed Automatically?
No.
The calculator calculates theoretical RPM using the cutting speed you enter.
It does not have a material-selection system that automatically recommends SFM for steel, aluminum, or other materials.
Obtain reliable cutting-speed information before entering a value.
4. Where to Find Feed per Tooth or Chip Load
Feed per tooth is another essential input.
It determines the nominal advancement assigned to each effective cutting tooth.
Check the Saw Manufacturer’s Cutting Data
Look for measurements labeled:
- Feed per Tooth.
- Chip Load.
- Fz.
- IPT.
- Inches per Tooth.
- Millimeters per Tooth.
For example, if the technical chart specifies:
Feed per Tooth = 0.0005 in/tooth
Enter:
0.0005
In metric units, if the appropriate recommendation is:
0.01 mm/tooth
Enter:
0.01
Use the specification corresponding to the actual saw and workpiece material.
Feed per Tooth vs. Feed per Revolution
These two measurements are related but are not identical.
Feed per Tooth describes the nominal advancement per effective cutting tooth.
Feed per Revolution describes the total advancement during one complete saw rotation.
The relationship is:
Feed per Revolution = Feed per Tooth × Number of Effective Teeth
For example:
- Feed per tooth: 0.0005 inch.
- Effective teeth: 48.
Feed per Revolution = 0.0005 × 48
Feed per Revolution = 0.024 inch
What If You Already Know Feed Rate and RPM?
You can calculate the corresponding nominal feed per tooth:
Feed per Tooth = Feed Rate ÷ (RPM × Number of Teeth)
Suppose:
- Table feed rate: 4 IPM.
- Spindle RPM: 100.
- Number of teeth: 40.
Feed per Tooth = 4 ÷ (100 × 40)
Feed per Tooth = 0.001 inch
This relationship can help evaluate an existing cutting setup.
However, it does not prove that the existing feed per tooth is recommended or safe.
Is Feed per Tooth the Same as Tooth Pitch?
No.
Tooth pitch describes the physical spacing between adjacent saw teeth.
Feed per tooth describes the programmed nominal cutting advancement per tooth.
For an equally spaced saw, the circumferential tooth spacing can be estimated using:
Tooth Pitch = (π × Saw Diameter) ÷ Number of Teeth
For example, an 80 mm saw with 40 equally spaced teeth has a circumferential tooth pitch of approximately 6.28 mm.
That is completely different from a chip-load input such as 0.01 mm/tooth.
Do not enter the physical tooth spacing into the feed-per-tooth field.
Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculation Formulas
Our calculator uses two fundamental equations.
The first calculates spindle RPM.
The second calculates linear table feed rate.
Formula 1: Slitting Saw RPM — Metric
RPM = (1,000 × Cutting Speed) ÷ (π × Saw Diameter)
Where:
- RPM = spindle speed in revolutions per minute.
- Cutting Speed = meters per minute.
- Saw Diameter = outside cutting diameter in millimeters.
- π = approximately 3.14159.
The factor of 1,000 converts meters into millimeters.
Formula 2: Slitting Saw RPM — Imperial
RPM = (12 × SFM) ÷ (π × Saw Diameter)
Where:
- SFM = surface feet per minute.
- Saw Diameter = inches.
- RPM = revolutions per minute.
A commonly used approximate formula is:
RPM ≈ (3.82 × SFM) ÷ Diameter (inches)
The factor 3.82 is a rounded approximation of 12 divided by π.
Formula 3: Slitting Saw Table Feed Rate
Feed Rate = RPM × Number of Effective Teeth × Feed per Tooth
Metric:
Feed Rate (mm/min) = RPM × Teeth × Chip Load (mm/tooth)
Imperial:
Feed Rate (IPM) = RPM × Teeth × Chip Load (in/tooth)
This equation assumes that the nominal feed per tooth is suitable for the selected operation.
Formula 4: Feed per Revolution
Feed per Revolution = Tooth Count × Feed per Tooth
For example:
A 40-tooth saw with a nominal feed per tooth of 0.01 mm produces:
Feed per Revolution = 40 × 0.01
Feed per Revolution = 0.40 mm/rev
Formula 5: Cutting Speed From RPM
When you already know RPM, you can calculate peripheral cutting speed.
Metric:
Cutting Speed (m/min) = (π × Diameter (mm) × RPM) ÷ 1,000
Imperial:
Cutting Speed (SFM) = (π × Diameter (inches) × RPM) ÷ 12
Formula 6: Feed per Tooth From Feed Rate
Feed per Tooth = Feed Rate ÷ (RPM × Number of Effective Teeth)
This is useful when checking the nominal chip load associated with an existing machine program.
Formula 7: Estimate Straight-Cut Machining Time
For a straight cut with constant linear feed:
Cutting Time (minutes) = Cutting Distance ÷ Feed Rate
For example:
- Cutting travel distance: 50 mm.
- Constant feed rate: 50 mm/min.
Cutting Time = 50 ÷ 50
Cutting Time = 1 minute
This is a basic linear-motion estimate.
It does not include acceleration, approach, retraction, interruptions, or tool changes.
The current calculator does not automatically calculate machining time.
Practical Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Examples
The examples below demonstrate the mathematical relationships.
All cutting speeds and chip loads are illustrative inputs, not validated recommendations for any particular saw, material, or machine.
Example 1: Metric Slitting Saw Calculation
Suppose you’re evaluating these parameters:
| Input | Value |
|---|---|
| Saw diameter | 80 mm |
| Cutting speed | 30 m/min |
| Number of teeth | 40 |
| Feed per tooth | 0.01 mm/tooth |
Step 1: Calculate RPM
RPM = (1,000 × 30) ÷ (π × 80)
RPM = 30,000 ÷ 251.327
RPM ≈ 119.37
Step 2: Calculate Table Feed Rate
Feed Rate = 119.37 × 40 × 0.01
Feed Rate ≈ 47.75 mm/min
Step 3: Calculate Feed per Revolution
Feed per Revolution = 40 × 0.01
Feed per Revolution = 0.40 mm/rev
Results:
- Spindle speed: approximately 119.37 RPM.
- Table feed rate: approximately 47.75 mm/min.
- Feed per revolution: 0.40 mm/rev.
Example 2: Imperial Slitting Saw Calculation
Suppose your inputs are:
| Input | Value |
|---|---|
| Saw diameter | 3 inches |
| Cutting speed | 100 SFM |
| Number of teeth | 48 |
| Feed per tooth | 0.0005 in/tooth |
Step 1: Calculate Spindle RPM
RPM = (12 × 100) ÷ (π × 3)
RPM = 1,200 ÷ 9.42478
RPM ≈ 127.32
Step 2: Calculate Feed Rate
Feed Rate = 127.32 × 48 × 0.0005
Feed Rate ≈ 3.06 IPM
Step 3: Calculate Feed per Revolution
Feed per Revolution = 48 × 0.0005
Feed per Revolution = 0.024 inch
Results:
- Spindle speed: approximately 127.32 RPM.
- Table feed rate: approximately 3.06 IPM.
- Feed per revolution: 0.024 in/rev.
This example matches the basic formula used by our calculator.
Example 3: Calculate Feed Rate for a 2-Inch Slitting Saw
Consider another hypothetical setup:
- Saw diameter: 2 inches.
- Cutting speed: 250 SFM.
- Effective teeth: 60.
- Feed per tooth: 0.0004 inch.
First calculate RPM:
RPM = (12 × 250) ÷ (π × 2)
RPM ≈ 477.46
Next calculate feed rate:
Feed Rate = 477.46 × 60 × 0.0004
Feed Rate ≈ 11.46 IPM
The calculated feed per revolution is:
60 × 0.0004 = 0.024 in/rev.
Example 4: Calculate Feed per Tooth From Existing RPM
Suppose you already know:
- Spindle speed: 100 RPM.
- Feed rate: 4 IPM.
- Effective tooth count: 40.
Calculate:
Feed per Tooth = 4 ÷ (100 × 40)
Feed per Tooth = 0.001 inch
This can help you compare an existing program with the saw manufacturer’s recommended feed-per-tooth values.
Example 5: How Saw Diameter Affects RPM
Suppose the selected cutting speed remains constant at 100 SFM.
Compare different saw diameters.
| Saw diameter | Calculated RPM |
|---|---|
| 2 inches | 190.99 |
| 3 inches | 127.32 |
| 4 inches | 95.49 |
The relationship is straightforward:
At a constant cutting speed, larger saw diameters require lower spindle RPM.
Doubling the saw diameter reduces the required RPM by half.
Example 6: How Tooth Count Changes Feed Rate
Suppose the spindle runs at a fixed 100 RPM and the nominal feed per tooth remains 0.0005 inch.
| Effective teeth | Theoretical feed rate |
|---|---|
| 20 | 1.00 IPM |
| 30 | 1.50 IPM |
| 40 | 2.00 IPM |
| 48 | 2.40 IPM |
| 60 | 3.00 IPM |
More effective teeth increase the mathematical feed rate at a fixed feed per tooth and RPM.
However, a higher tooth count also changes tooth spacing, chip space, and engagement conditions.
Do not increase feed automatically when changing saws without confirming the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Slitting Saw RPM Reference Chart
The following chart uses a constant theoretical cutting speed of 30 m/min.
It demonstrates how spindle RPM changes with saw diameter.
| Saw outside diameter | Calculated spindle RPM |
|---|---|
| 40 mm | 238.73 |
| 50 mm | 190.99 |
| 63 mm | 151.58 |
| 80 mm | 119.37 |
| 100 mm | 95.49 |
| 125 mm | 76.39 |
This chart is for mathematical reference only.
The selected 30 m/min value is not a universal recommendation.
Actual speeds depend on the saw, workpiece material, cutting conditions, and machine.
Understanding Slitting Saw RPM, Feed Rate, and Chip Load
These terms describe different parts of the cutting operation.
| Term | Description | Common unit |
|---|---|---|
| Spindle Speed | How quickly the saw rotates | RPM |
| Cutting Speed | Peripheral surface speed of the cutting teeth | SFM or m/min |
| Feed Rate | Linear advancement of the saw relative to the workpiece | IPM or mm/min |
| Feed per Tooth | Nominal advancement per effective tooth | in/tooth or mm/tooth |
| Feed per Revolution | Total nominal advancement per full saw rotation | in/rev or mm/rev |
| Tooth Count | Number of effective cutting teeth around the saw | Count |
Why RPM Alone Is Not Enough
Knowing the saw RPM does not tell you how quickly the saw should advance.
You also need the appropriate feed per tooth and effective tooth count.
Likewise, knowing feed rate alone does not determine whether the cutting operation is suitable.
The full setup must account for saw geometry, material, depth of cut, rigidity, and machine capability.
What Is a Slitting Saw Used For?
Slitting saws are designed for narrow cutting and slotting operations.
Common applications include:
1. Cutting Narrow Slots
Slitting saws can create narrow slots in suitable workpieces.
For example, a part may require a thin slot that would be difficult to machine with a conventional end mill of the same narrow width.
2. Parting Components
A slitting saw may be used to separate a workpiece into different sections.
The cutting process must provide suitable workholding and clearance for the separated material.
3. Machining Thin Grooves
Some saws are used to produce thin grooves or other specialized features.
Slot geometry and saw design determine whether the tool is suitable.
4. Precision Metalworking
Slitting saws are used in milling and CNC machining applications involving controlled slot dimensions.
However, accuracy depends on saw thickness, runout, rigidity, workholding, and cutting conditions.
5. Specialized Cutting Operations
Different saw designs may be suitable for particular materials or profile geometries.
For example, a full-radius slitting saw produces a different cutting profile from a conventional square-profile saw.
Do not assume all slitting saws produce the same slot geometry.
HSS vs. Carbide Slitting Saws
Two common slitting saw materials are high-speed steel and solid carbide.
Both have advantages and limitations.
| Feature | HSS Slitting Saw | Carbide Slitting Saw |
|---|---|---|
| Cutting material | High-speed steel | Cemented carbide |
| Typical applications | Various conventional slotting operations | Precision and higher-performance applications |
| Cutting-speed capability | Tool- and material-dependent | Often different and potentially higher |
| Impact sensitivity | Generally more forgiving | Often more sensitive to impact |
| Rigidity requirements | Important | Especially important |
| Main considerations | Tool grade, tooth geometry, application | Tool grade, brittleness, setup stability |
HSS Slitting Saws
High-speed steel saws are used in various metalworking applications.
They are available in different diameters, tooth counts, and thicknesses.
Their cutting-speed and feed recommendations depend on:
- HSS grade.
- Workpiece material.
- Tooth design.
- Cutting depth.
- Cooling conditions.
- Machine rigidity.
An HSS saw may be more forgiving under certain conditions, but it can still break or become damaged if operated incorrectly.
Carbide Slitting Saws
Solid carbide saws are available for various machining operations.
Depending on the specific saw, carbide can support different cutting conditions and wear characteristics.
However, carbide tools may be vulnerable to fracture if subjected to vibration, impact, inadequate workholding, or unsuitable operating parameters.
Use the carbide saw manufacturer’s recommended operating data.
Are Carbide Saws Always Better?
No.
The better choice depends on the machine, workpiece material, slot geometry, production requirements, tool costs, and available rigidity.
A carbide saw is not automatically suitable simply because it is harder than HSS.
How Saw Thickness Affects Cutting
Saw thickness is important even though it is not a direct input in our calculator.
Saw Thickness and Slot Width
For a conventional plain slitting saw, nominal blade thickness is related to the width of the slot being produced.
For example, a saw with a nominal cutting thickness of 0.0625 inch may be selected for a narrow-slotting application.
However, the actual slot width can differ from the nominal saw thickness because of:
- Saw runout.
- Blade wobble.
- Saw deflection.
- Cutting-edge geometry.
- Tool wear.
- Machine setup.
For precision work, verify the actual produced slot width rather than assuming it exactly matches blade thickness.
Why Thin Saws Need Special Attention
Thin saws can be sensitive to lateral loading and vibration.
An unsuitable cutting setup can cause deflection or damage.
Important considerations include:
- Arbor accuracy.
- Saw mounting.
- Workpiece rigidity.
- Cutting engagement.
- Feed per tooth.
- Chip evacuation.
- Machine spindle condition.
Does a Thicker Saw Need a Different Feed Rate?
Potentially, yes.
Saw thickness affects cutting engagement and the material being removed.
However, there is no universal feed adjustment that applies to every saw.
Use the specific manufacturer’s cutting recommendations.
Slitting Saw Tooth Count: Fine vs. Coarse Teeth
Tooth count and tooth spacing influence chip formation.
Fine-Tooth Slitting Saws
Fine-tooth saws have relatively closely spaced teeth.
They may be appropriate for specific narrow-slotting or thin-section operations.
However, close tooth spacing reduces the available space between individual teeth.
Chip evacuation can become a concern in certain applications.
Coarse-Tooth Slitting Saws
Coarse-tooth saws have greater spacing between teeth.
This may provide additional chip space.
Certain materials or deeper cutting operations can benefit from this geometry.
However, lower tooth count can also affect tooth engagement and cutting behavior.
Which Tooth Count Is Best?
There is no universal tooth count suitable for every saw diameter and material.
Consider:
- Material thickness.
- Workpiece composition.
- Saw diameter.
- Saw thickness.
- Tooth geometry.
- Cutting depth.
- Required finish.
- Available machine rigidity.
The manufacturer should provide a suitable tooth-count or tooth-pitch recommendation for the application.
How Slitting Saw Depth of Cut Affects Feeds and Speeds
Depth of cut is an important factor in slitting saw machining.
However, our basic calculator does not request cutting depth.
This means the calculator cannot independently determine the total cutting load or whether a particular feed rate is suitable for deep slotting.
What Is Slitting Saw Depth of Cut?
Depth of cut describes how deeply the saw engages the workpiece during a cutting operation.
In a radial slotting operation, it may represent the radial penetration of the circular blade into the material.
The exact definition depends on the machining setup.
Why Depth of Cut Matters
Greater engagement can change:
- Number of teeth contacting the material.
- Cutting forces.
- Chip evacuation requirements.
- Power demand.
- Vibration behavior.
- Risk of saw deflection.
The appropriate cutting depth depends on the saw design and machine capabilities.
Can You Cut the Full Slot Depth in One Pass?
Some operations use a single pass.
Others use multiple passes.
The correct approach depends on the tool manufacturer’s guidance, saw thickness, required depth, workpiece material, available rigidity, and chip evacuation.
A basic feed-rate equation cannot determine whether single-pass or multiple-pass cutting is appropriate.
Maximum Cutting Depth and Arbor Clearance
The arbor or mounting flange can limit how far the saw can reach into a workpiece.
In a simple geometric arrangement, the difference between the saw radius and the mounting flange radius influences available radial clearance.
However, this is not necessarily the usable cutting depth.
Toolholder dimensions, workpiece geometry, cutting forces, and machine clearance must also be considered.
Our calculator does not calculate the maximum permitted cutting depth.
Understanding the Slitting Saw Arbor
A slitting saw typically mounts on an arbor designed to hold the circular cutter.
The arbor connects the saw to the machine spindle or compatible toolholding system.
What Is a Slitting Saw Arbor?
A slitting saw arbor is a mounting assembly that supports and drives the saw.
Depending on the design, it may include:
- A mounting shaft.
- A locating diameter.
- A flange or shoulder.
- A retaining screw or nut.
- An appropriate clamping arrangement.
- A compatible connection to the machine spindle.
Different saws and machine systems require different arbor designs.
Why Arbor Compatibility Matters
An incorrect arbor can lead to excessive runout, inadequate support, or improper clamping.
Important compatibility considerations include:
- Saw bore diameter.
- Arbor locating diameter.
- Saw thickness.
- Arbor flange dimensions.
- Toolholder compatibility.
- Maximum operating RPM.
- Manufacturer-approved mounting method.
Never modify a saw or arbor to create an improvised fit without appropriate engineering authorization.
Why Runout Matters
Runout describes unwanted deviation from the intended rotational geometry.
Excessive runout can cause some teeth to remove more material than others.
This may contribute to uneven tooth loading, poor slot quality, vibration, or tool damage.
Use a properly maintained and compatible mounting system.
Can You Mount a Slitting Saw in Any Milling Machine?
No.
The machine must be compatible with the saw, arbor, and intended cutting operation.
Confirm:
- Spindle compatibility.
- Maximum RPM.
- Arbor mounting.
- Workpiece clearance.
- Machine power and torque.
- Required guarding.
- Manufacturer operating requirements.
The calculator does not determine whether a saw can be safely mounted on a particular machine.
How Material Type Affects Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds
Material characteristics influence the cutting parameters appropriate for a slitting operation.
Mild Steel
Mild steel can be cut with suitable slitting saws.
Appropriate cutting parameters depend on the steel grade, saw material, tooth geometry, and cutting conditions.
Use tool-specific recommendations.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel grades vary in hardness, ductility, and chip behavior.
Some grades can be difficult to machine under unsuitable conditions.
Suitable saw selection, cooling, and chip evacuation are important.
Aluminum
Aluminum alloys may require saw geometry designed for nonferrous materials.
Some manufacturers offer slitting saws with fewer teeth or increased chip clearance for certain aluminum operations.
Do not automatically apply cutting data from steel applications.
Brass and Bronze
Copper alloys have different machining characteristics.
Use material-specific cutting parameters and suitable saw geometry.
Cast Iron
Cast iron machining conditions depend on the grade, structure, and tool material.
Use the saw manufacturer’s recommendations for the exact cast iron application.
Titanium
Titanium alloys can require specialized cutting tools and carefully controlled machining conditions.
Do not rely on generic cutting-speed values.
Plastics and Other Materials
Some slitting saws can machine compatible plastics or composites.
However, tool geometry, material behavior, heat generation, and chip removal requirements differ.
Use application-specific guidance.
What Happens If Slitting Saw RPM Is Too High?
Excessive spindle speed relative to the saw and material can create several problems.
Depending on the operation, these may include:
- Excessive cutting temperature.
- Rapid tooth wear.
- Poor cutting performance.
- Increased vibration.
- Tool damage.
- Exceeding the saw’s maximum rated RPM.
The actual effects depend on the saw and machining conditions.
Never exceed the maximum RPM specified for the saw, arbor, machine, or other applicable rotating components.
If the theoretical calculation exceeds an equipment limit, the limit takes priority.
What Happens If Slitting Saw Feed Rate Is Too High?
A feed rate that is unsuitable for the saw and operation can create excessive cutting forces.
Possible results include:
- Tooth damage.
- Blade deflection.
- Poor slot accuracy.
- Machine vibration.
- Tool breakage.
- Workholding problems.
The risk depends on cutting depth, saw thickness, material, machine rigidity, and other factors.
Do not assume a high calculated feed rate is achievable simply because the mathematical equation produces it.
What Happens If Slitting Saw Feed Rate Is Too Low?
Insufficient feed per tooth may contribute to rubbing rather than effective cutting in some applications.
This can affect:
- Cutting temperature.
- Tool wear.
- Surface finish.
- Cutting efficiency.
However, increasing feed is not always the correct solution.
Tool sharpness, tooth geometry, chip evacuation, spindle RPM, and setup stability must also be considered.
Use the manufacturer’s specified cutting parameters rather than attempting to correct a problem using guesswork.
Slitting Saw Troubleshooting Guide
The following table identifies possible factors worth checking when a machining result is unsatisfactory.
It is not a substitute for proper machine inspection or manufacturer support.
| Problem | Possible factors to investigate |
|---|---|
| Excessive vibration | Arbor runout, workholding, tool damage, unsupported saw |
| Poor slot finish | Tool wear, unstable cutting, unsuitable parameters |
| Saw binding | Chip accumulation, blade deflection, inadequate side clearance |
| Rapid tooth wear | Cutting conditions, tool grade, material, cooling |
| Saw breakage | Excessive loading, impact, improper mounting, machine instability |
| Slot wider than expected | Runout, wobble, cutting-edge geometry, deflection |
| Excessive cutting heat | Unsuitable parameters, chip evacuation, lubrication conditions |
| Uneven tooth wear | Runout, saw condition, mounting accuracy |
Stop the machine if abnormal conditions occur.
Investigate the setup using approved inspection procedures and manufacturer guidance.
Do not make adjustments near a moving saw.
Common Slitting Saw Calculation Mistakes
1. Using the Arbor Hole Diameter Instead of Outside Diameter
The RPM formula uses the outside cutting diameter.
The arbor hole is a mounting dimension.
2. Entering Saw Thickness as Diameter
Saw thickness and outside diameter are different measurements.
A 0.0625-inch-thick saw may have an outside diameter of several inches.
3. Using the Wrong Tooth Count
The basic feed-rate formula uses the total effective cutting teeth.
Do not enter only the teeth currently touching the material.
4. Confusing Tooth Pitch With Chip Load
Tooth pitch is the physical spacing between adjacent teeth.
Chip load is the nominal cutting advancement per tooth.
They are not interchangeable.
5. Entering RPM Instead of SFM
The Cutting Speed field expects surface speed.
Convert a known RPM into SFM or m/min before entering it.
6. Mixing Inches and Millimeters
Always check the selected unit system.
For example, entering 3 in metric mode means 3 mm, not 3 inches.
7. Entering the Wrong Chip-Load Decimal
A value of 0.0005 inch per tooth is ten times smaller than 0.005 inch per tooth.
Double-check your decimal places.
8. Assuming Carbide and HSS Use Identical Cutting Parameters
Different tool materials may require substantially different operating conditions.
9. Ignoring Saw Thickness and Depth of Cut
The calculator does not independently account for cutting forces or tool deflection.
10. Ignoring Arbor Runout
An inaccurate or unsuitable mounting setup can cause uneven tooth engagement.
11. Confusing Feed per Tooth With Feed per Revolution
Feed per revolution is the total nominal advancement over one complete rotation.
It is calculated using feed per tooth and effective tooth count.
12. Assuming Higher Tooth Count Is Always Better
Tooth count also affects chip space and tooth engagement.
The appropriate number depends on the operation.
13. Assuming a Mathematical Feed Rate Is a Safe Machine Setting
The calculator performs arithmetic.
It does not verify the physical limits of the saw, machine, workholding, or arbor.
14. Using Woodworking Circular Saw Recommendations
A metalworking slitting saw is not automatically interchangeable with a woodworking circular saw.
Saw design, machine mounting, intended materials, and operating limits differ.
Use cutting data for the actual saw and application.
Slitting Saw Safety Guidelines
Slitting saws have sharp teeth and rotate at significant speeds.
A thin circular cutter can also be vulnerable to improper mounting or excessive loading.
Before using calculated RPM and feed values:
- Confirm the exact slitting saw model and specifications.
- Check the saw’s maximum permitted RPM.
- Verify arbor bore compatibility and approved mounting.
- Inspect the saw for cracks, damaged teeth, or other defects.
- Check the machine spindle and toolholding limitations.
- Secure the workpiece using appropriate workholding.
- Confirm sufficient clearance for the saw, arbor, and machine components.
- Use the guarding required by the machine and application.
- Confirm suitable cooling and chip-removal procedures.
- Verify the programmed cutting depth and feed direction.
- Follow appropriate safety and protective equipment requirements.
- Stop the operation if abnormal vibration, noise, or cutting behavior occurs.
Never touch, inspect, or attempt to measure a rotating saw.
Never remove chips by hand near a moving cutter.
Do not operate a saw beyond the manufacturer-approved RPM or cutting conditions.
For CNC machining, verify work offsets, tool compensation, cutting direction, and program behavior before running the operation.
Important: Our calculator does not determine the maximum safe RPM, permissible cutting depth, required motor power, or structural integrity of a slitting saw setup.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator?
A Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator determines theoretical spindle RPM and table feed rate using saw outside diameter, cutting speed, tooth count, and feed per tooth.
It is useful for basic machining calculations involving compatible metalworking slitting saws.
How do I calculate slitting saw RPM?
Use:
RPM = (12 × SFM) ÷ (π × Saw Diameter in Inches)
For metric units:
RPM = (1,000 × Cutting Speed in m/min) ÷ (π × Diameter in mm)
How do I calculate slitting saw feed rate?
Use:
Feed Rate = RPM × Effective Tooth Count × Feed per Tooth
The result is expressed in IPM or mm/min, depending on the chip-load unit.
How do I calculate feed per tooth for a slitting saw?
Use:
Feed per Tooth = Feed Rate ÷ (RPM × Effective Tooth Count)
For example, 4 IPM at 100 RPM with 40 effective teeth corresponds to 0.001 inch per tooth.
Where can I find my slitting saw diameter?
Check the manufacturer’s specifications, saw packaging, identification marking, or technical drawing.
Use the outside cutting diameter rather than the arbor hole diameter.
Where can I find the tooth count?
The manufacturer’s product listing usually identifies the number of cutting teeth.
If necessary, confirm the saw’s exact part number.
What is chip load in slitting saw cutting?
Chip load refers to the nominal feed assigned to each effective cutting tooth.
It is commonly expressed in inches per tooth or millimeters per tooth.
Is chip load the same as feed per tooth?
In basic slitting saw feed calculations, the terms are commonly used interchangeably for the nominal feed-per-tooth input.
Actual chip thickness can also depend on cutting engagement and geometry.
Is tooth pitch the same as feed per tooth?
No.
Tooth pitch describes the physical spacing of the saw teeth.
Feed per tooth describes the nominal cutting advancement assigned to each tooth.
What RPM should I use for a 3-inch slitting saw?
There is no universal correct RPM based on diameter alone.
You need a suitable cutting-speed value for the saw and workpiece material.
For example, at a hypothetical 100 SFM, a 3-inch saw corresponds to approximately 127.32 RPM.
That example is not an operating recommendation.
What RPM should I use for a 4-inch slitting saw?
The appropriate RPM depends on the saw and material.
At an illustrative cutting speed of 100 SFM, a 4-inch saw corresponds to approximately 95.49 RPM.
Verify the actual application-specific recommendations.
What feed rate should I use for a 48-tooth slitting saw?
To calculate feed rate, you also need RPM and a suitable feed per tooth.
For example, at 100 RPM and 0.0005 in/tooth:
Feed Rate = 100 × 48 × 0.0005
Feed Rate = 2.4 IPM
This is a mathematical example, not a universal recommendation.
Does a larger slitting saw need a lower RPM?
At the same peripheral cutting speed, yes.
Increasing the outside diameter reduces the required spindle RPM.
Does a higher tooth count increase feed rate?
Mathematically, yes, if RPM and feed per tooth remain constant.
However, the appropriate feed per tooth may differ between saw designs.
More teeth do not automatically mean the saw should be run faster.
What is the difference between HSS and carbide slitting saws?
HSS and carbide are different cutting-tool materials.
They have different operating characteristics and tooling requirements.
The appropriate choice depends on the workpiece, machine, tool geometry, and application.
What is the best cutting speed for steel?
There is no universal cutting speed suitable for every steel and slitting saw.
Use manufacturer recommendations matching the steel grade, saw material, tooth geometry, and operating conditions.
What cutting speed should I use for aluminum?
The appropriate speed depends on the aluminum alloy, saw type, tool geometry, and machining conditions.
Use data specific to the actual saw and aluminum application.
Can I use this calculator for stainless steel?
Yes.
The calculator performs the same basic mathematical relationships.
However, you must enter cutting speed and feed per tooth appropriate for the specific saw and stainless steel grade.
Can I use the calculator for carbide slitting saws?
Yes.
The mathematical formulas apply to compatible carbide slitting saw operations.
Use carbide-specific cutting data and verify machine and arbor limitations.
Can I use the calculator for HSS slitting saws?
Yes.
Use cutting parameters recommended for the actual HSS saw and workpiece.
Does saw thickness affect feed rate?
Saw thickness influences cutting engagement, rigidity, and material removal.
However, the basic feed-rate formula does not directly include thickness.
The appropriate feed per tooth may depend on saw thickness and cutting conditions.
How do I calculate slitting saw slot width?
Slot width depends on the saw’s cutting geometry and actual machining conditions.
Nominal saw thickness is an important reference, but runout, wobble, and deflection can affect the final slot width.
The calculator does not determine slot width.
How deep can a slitting saw cut?
Permissible cutting depth depends on saw geometry, mounting clearance, machine capability, workpiece configuration, and manufacturer instructions.
There is no universal depth determined only by outside diameter.
Should I use a fine-tooth or coarse-tooth slitting saw?
The appropriate tooth geometry depends on material, slot depth, chip evacuation, and finishing requirements.
Consult the saw manufacturer’s application recommendations.
Does the number of engaged teeth affect cutting performance?
Yes.
Tooth engagement influences cutting forces and chip formation.
However, the basic linear feed-rate equation uses the total effective cutting teeth per revolution, not just the number currently engaged.
Can I use the calculator for CNC milling?
Yes.
The calculator is intended for slitting saw operations on compatible milling and CNC machining equipment.
It does not generate CNC programs or verify the complete machine setup.
Can I use the calculator on a manual milling machine?
The mathematical RPM and feed relationships also apply to compatible manual milling operations.
However, accurate control of feed may differ from machine-controlled CNC operations.
Follow the machine and saw manufacturers’ instructions.
Can I use the calculator for a handheld circular saw?
Not as a general-purpose handheld circular saw selection tool.
It is designed for metalworking slitting saw calculations.
Different circular saw blades and portable machines may have distinct operating requirements.
Is this calculator suitable for woodcutting?
The mathematical relationship between rotational speed, diameter, tooth count, and feed per tooth is broadly applicable to circular cutting tools.
However, the calculator does not provide woodworking blade-specific recommendations or verify compatibility with woodworking machines.
Use appropriate blade and machine documentation.
Does the calculator consider radial depth of cut?
No.
It calculates basic RPM and feed relationships.
Radial depth, cutting forces, saw thickness, and engagement must be evaluated separately.
Does the calculator include machine maximum RPM?
No.
You must verify the actual saw, arbor, and machine RPM limitations independently.
Never exceed the applicable manufacturer limits.
Why is my calculated feed rate very low?
Possible mathematical reasons include a low entered RPM, small feed per tooth, or low effective tooth count.
However, the suitability of the result depends on the actual cutting operation.
Do not increase feed without consulting reliable tooling data.
Why does my calculated RPM decrease when I increase saw diameter?
At a constant peripheral cutting speed, RPM is inversely proportional to saw diameter.
A larger saw travels a greater peripheral distance per revolution, so fewer rotations are required to achieve the same surface speed.
Can I calculate feed per revolution for a slitting saw?
Yes.
Use:
Feed per Revolution = Effective Tooth Count × Feed per Tooth
Our calculator displays this result automatically.
Does the calculator support metric and imperial units?
Yes.
It supports mm, inches, m/min, SFM, RPM, mm/min, IPM, and the corresponding feed-per-tooth measurements.
Is the Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator free?
Yes.
You can use the calculator directly in your web browser without downloading additional software or purchasing a subscription.
Final Thoughts
Our free Slitting Saw Speeds and Feeds Calculator helps simplify the mathematical relationship between saw diameter, cutting speed, spindle RPM, effective tooth count, and table feed rate.
Whether you’re working with a conventional HSS slitting saw or a compatible solid carbide saw, understanding these values can help you evaluate cutting parameters and prepare for machining operations.
For useful results, remember five important principles:
1. Use the correct outside saw diameter. Do not confuse the cutting diameter with the arbor hole or blade thickness.
2. Identify the correct effective tooth count. Check the manufacturer’s specifications instead of guessing.
3. Use appropriate cutting-speed data. The selected speed must match the actual saw and workpiece material.
4. Enter feed per tooth accurately. Small decimal differences can produce large changes in calculated table feed rate.
5. Verify the complete machining setup. Arbor compatibility, machine rigidity, saw thickness, cutting depth, chip evacuation, and maximum RPM are important considerations outside the calculator’s basic formulas.
The calculator performs the arithmetic, but the quality and suitability of its results depend on the inputs and machining conditions.
Use the calculator above whenever you need to determine slitting saw spindle RPM, table feed rate, or feed per revolution. If you’re unsure about a specification or calculation, refer to the relevant section of this guide before applying the results to your machine.